The policy choices to watch.

1. End diplomatic and security ties
2. Diplomatic isolation and broad sanctions
3. Maintain ties; suspend military cooperation
4. Maintain ties; restrict most arms transfers
5. Conditional cooperation and civilian safeguards
6. Continue cooperation with targeted restrictions
7. Maintain most existing security cooperation
8. Expand security cooperation with conditions
9. Expand cooperation with few conditions
10. Unconditional diplomatic and security backing

Measures policy toward the Israeli government, not attitudes toward Jewish people or Israeli civilians. Diplomatic recognition alone does not establish an arms-policy score.

1. Reject Palestinian statehood in principle
2. Oppose recognition and statehood initiatives
3. Defer recognition indefinitely
4. Recognition only after a final peace agreement
5. Support negotiated statehood with substantial preconditions
6. Support negotiated Palestinian statehood in principle
7. Support recognition with specified prerequisites
8. Support recognition and diplomatic relations now
9. Actively pursue recognition and full UN membership
10. Make recognition and full sovereignty a central diplomatic priority

Separate from the Israel scale. Support for statehood does not imply support for Hamas or attacks on civilians.

1. Prohibit most private firearm ownership
2. Allow narrow sporting exceptions only
3. Strict licensing and broad weapon restrictions
4. Licensing, checks and targeted weapon bans
5. Regulated ownership with purchase checks
6. Broader ownership with targeted restrictions
7. Ease licensing and expand lawful carry
8. Permitless carry with limited exclusions
9. Repeal most purchase and carry restrictions
10. Remove nearly all civilian firearm restrictions

Rates legal access, not concern about public safety. National legal starting points differ.

1. Ban abortion without exceptions
2. Ban except imminent threat to life
3. Allow life, rape and incest exceptions
4. Allow broader health exceptions only
5. Allow early pregnancy access with substantial limits
6. Allow first-trimester access with medical safeguards
7. Allow access through an extended gestational period
8. Protect access through viability with later medical exceptions
9. Remove major procedural and funding barriers
10. No statutory gestational cutoff; clinical decision-making

A higher score means broader legal access, not a moral endorsement. Gestation, funding and procedure rules can pull in different directions.

1. Near-total closure of legal entry
2. Sharp cuts and offshore-only asylum
3. Large admission cuts and narrow asylum
4. Lower admissions and tighter eligibility
5. Maintain admissions with stricter screening
6. Maintain admissions and asylum pathways
7. Targeted expansion of lawful pathways
8. Broader admission and regularization routes
9. Large expansion with strong asylum access
10. Minimal admission limits and broad regularization

This axis covers admission and legal status; border enforcement is a separate dimension. No score is inferred from rhetoric alone.

1. Leave the EU and single market
2. Seek an EU-exit referendum
3. Reject EU legal primacy broadly
4. Demand major national opt-outs
5. Remain; resist further integration
6. Cooperate within current EU treaties
7. Expand shared EU policies
8. Expand common fiscal and defense powers
9. Transfer major powers to EU institutions
10. Support a federal European state

1. End birthright routes entirely
2. Naturalization only with strict assimilation tests
3. Remove automatic birthright acquisition
4. Substantially tighten residence conditions
5. Keep routes with added conditions
6. Maintain current conditional birthright routes
7. Simplify existing birthright applications
8. Expand automatic citizenship for resident children
9. Citizenship at birth with limited conditions
10. Unconditional territorial birthright citizenship

1. Equal eligibility regardless of nationality or status
2. Equal eligibility for all lawful residents
3. Limit differences to narrow benefits
4. Short residency conditions for some benefits
5. Maintain existing nationality and residency rules
6. Longer residency conditions for selected benefits
7. Citizen preference for selected benefits
8. Citizen priority in housing and employment
9. Broad citizen-only benefits with narrow exceptions
10. Reserve nearly all benefits and public housing for citizens

Higher means stronger nationality preference, not better treatment of residents.

1. Remove state limits except direct safety risks
2. Remove most public-space religious restrictions
3. Limit neutrality to state officials
4. Retain narrow public-school restrictions
5. Maintain current secularism framework
6. Extend restrictions in selected public institutions
7. Broaden limits on visible religious symbols
8. Restrict symbols across public-service settings
9. Broad restrictions in shared public spaces
10. Prohibit visible religious expression throughout public life

Measures restrictions, not a person’s religion or views of any faith.

1. Close all reactors rapidly
2. Set a binding nuclear phaseout
3. Close reactors without replacement
4. Reduce nuclear share substantially
5. Maintain existing fleet only
6. Extend existing reactor lifetimes
7. Build selected replacement reactors
8. Launch a major new-reactor program
9. Expand reactors and advanced nuclear at scale
10. Make nuclear dominant with maximum buildout

1. Dismantle existing wind farms
2. Ban new projects and reduce existing capacity
3. Moratorium on new wind construction
4. Tighten permits and reduce targets
5. Maintain existing deployment policy
6. Allow targeted additional projects
7. Expand permits and deployment targets
8. Major publicly supported wind rollout
9. Accelerated large-scale national rollout
10. Prioritize maximum feasible wind deployment

1. Raise statutory age to 70 or above
2. Raise statutory age to 68–69
3. Raise statutory age to 66–67
4. Retain age 64 with fewer exceptions
5. Retain age 64 with existing exceptions
6. Add earlier retirement for long careers
7. Move toward age 62 with contribution conditions
8. Age 60 for long careers; 62 otherwise
9. General retirement age of 60
10. General retirement before age 60

Contribution years, long-career exceptions and fiscal conditions must accompany the score.

1. Large increases in household energy taxes
2. Moderate energy-tax increases
3. Small tax increases
4. End temporary energy-tax relief
5. Maintain current rates
6. Targeted relief for vulnerable households
7. Small broad reductions
8. Large cuts for selected energy types
9. Broad reduction toward minimum VAT rates
10. Remove household energy taxes entirely

1. End public healthcare coverage
2. Restrict public care to emergencies
3. Large cuts to eligibility and benefits
4. Target public care to narrower groups
5. Maintain current public coverage
6. Expand selected public benefits
7. Substantial expansion of public eligibility
8. Universal basic public coverage
9. Universal comprehensive public coverage
10. Comprehensive public coverage with no patient charges

Coverage is distinct from public versus private delivery.

1. Replace most custody with restorative alternatives
2. Major reduction in prison use
3. Remove mandatory minimums; expand alternatives
4. Reduce custody for nonviolent offenses
5. Maintain current sentencing rules
6. Targeted increases for violent crimes
7. Expand minimum sentences for repeat offending
8. Broad minimum sentences and prison expansion
9. Restrict sentence reductions and parole broadly
10. Maximum custodial terms with virtually no early release

This describes sentencing policy, not whether a politician is personally lawful.

1. End all military support
2. End weapons transfers; diplomacy only
3. Defensive nonlethal support only
4. Limited defensive weapons; no long-range arms
5. Maintain aid with strict use restrictions
6. Maintain current military support
7. Expand weapons and training
8. Expand long-range support with conditions
9. Large-scale aid including broad strike permissions
10. Support direct combat deployment alongside Ukraine

1. Remove farm supports and import barriers
2. Large subsidy cuts and trade opening
3. Reduce protections and subsidies
4. Limited domestic preference
5. Maintain current EU and French protections
6. Targeted domestic procurement support
7. Expand subsidies and standards-based import controls
8. Strong domestic procurement and import limits
9. Broad national preference and protected producer prices
10. Near-total domestic sourcing and major import barriers

1. Flat or regressive taxes; no redistribution
2. Large cuts for highest incomes
3. Lower top rates and capital taxes
4. Modest cuts to top tax rates
5. Maintain current tax distribution
6. Modestly raise high-income taxes
7. Raise top rates and capital taxes
8. Add substantial wealth or inheritance taxes
9. Broad wealth taxes and large redistribution
10. Very high top taxes and extensive redistribution

1. Remove most national referendum mechanisms
2. Allow only exceptional executive referendums
3. Narrow current referendum eligibility
4. Tighten initiation thresholds
5. Maintain current constitutional referendum rules
6. Modestly lower initiation thresholds
7. Introduce limited citizen-initiated ballots
8. Citizen-initiated legislative referendums
9. Binding legislative and constitutional citizen ballots
10. Broad binding citizen ballots with minimal thresholds

1. Sell most public housing; end new provision
2. Large reductions in social housing
3. Cut construction and eligibility
4. Reduce public construction modestly
5. Maintain current social-housing programs
6. Expand selected housing schemes
7. Increase construction and housing subsidies
8. Major social-housing construction program
9. Universal access to subsidized housing pathways
10. Universal publicly guaranteed housing provision